What is Genital Herpes

HPV.com”>Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). Most genital herpes is caused by HSV-2. Most individuals have no or only minimal signs or symptoms from HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. When signs do occur, they typically appear as one or more blisters on or around the genitals or rectum. The blisters break, leaving tender ulcers (sores) that may take two to four weeks to heal the first time they occur. Typically, another outbreak can appear weeks or months after the first, but it almost always is less severe and shorter than the first outbreak.  Although the infection can stay in the body indefinitely, the number of outbreaks tends to decrease over a period of years.

How common is Genital Herpes

Results of a nationally representative study show that genital herpes infection is common in the United States. Nationwide, at least 45 million people ages 12 and older, or one out of five adolescents and adults, have had genital HSV infection. Over the past decade, the percent of Americans with genital herpes infection in the U.S. has decreased.

Genital HSV-2 infection is more common in women (approximately one out of four women) than in men (almost one out of eight). This may be due to male-to-female transmission being more likely than female-to-male transmission.

How do you catch Genital Herpes

HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be found in and released from the sores that the viruses cause, but they also are released between outbreaks from skin that does not appear to have a sore. Generally, a person can only get HSV-2 infection during sexual contact with someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection. Transmission can occur from an infected partner who does not have a visible sore and may not know that he or she is infected.

HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but it more commonly causes infections of the mouth and lips, so-called “fever blisters.” HSV-1 infection of the genitals can be caused by oral-genital or genital-genital contact with a person who has HSV-1 infection. Genital HSV-1 outbreaks recur less regularly than genital HSV-2 outbreaks.

What are the signs and symptoms of Gential Herpes

Most people infected with HSV-2 are not aware of their infection. However, if signs and symptoms occur during the first outbreak, they can be quite pronounced. The first outbreak usually occurs within two weeks after the virus is transmitted, and the sores typically heal within two to four weeks. Other signs and symptoms during the primary episode may include a second crop of sores, and flu-like symptoms, including fever and swollen glands. However, most individuals with HSV-2 infection  never have sores, or they have very mild signs that they do not even notice or that they mistake for insect bites or another skin condition.

People diagnosed with a first episode of genital herpes can expect to have several (typically four or five) outbreaks (symptomatic recurrences) within a year. Over time these recurrences usually decrease in frequency.  It is possible that a person becomes aware of the “first episode” years after the infection is acquired.

What are the complications of Genital Herpes

Genital herpes can cause recurrent painful genital sores in many adults, and herpes infection can be severe in people with suppressed immune systems. Regardless of severity of symptoms, genital herpes frequently causes psychological distress in people who know they are infected.

In addition, genital HSV can lead to potentially fatal infections in babies. It is important that women avoid contracting herpes during pregnancy because a newly acquired infection during late pregnancy poses a greater risk of transmission to the baby. If a woman has active genital herpes at delivery, a cesarean delivery is usually performed. Fortunately, infection of a baby from a woman with herpes infection is rare.

Herpes may play a role in the spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Herpes can make people more susceptible to HIV infection, and it can make HIV-infected individuals more infectious.

Diagnosis of Genital Herpes

The signs and symptoms associated with HSV-2 can vary greatly. Health care providers can diagnose genital herpes by visual inspection if the outbreak is typical, and by taking a sample from the sore(s) and testing it in a laboratory. HSV infections can be diagnosed between outbreaks by the use of a blood test. Blood tests, which detect  antibodies to HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection, can be helpful, although the results are not always clear-cut.

Prevention of Genital Herpes

The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including genital herpes, is to abstain from sexual contact, or to be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and is known to be uninfected.

Genital ulcer diseases can occur in both male and female genital areas that are covered or protected by a latex condom, as well as in areas that are not covered. Correct and consistent use of latex condoms can reduce the risk of genital herpes.

Persons with herpes should abstain from sexual activity with uninfected partners when lesions or other symptoms of herpes are present. It is important to know that even if a person does not have any symptoms he or she can still infect sex partners. Sex partners of infected persons should be advised that they may become infected and they should use condoms to reduce the risk. Sex partners can seek testing to determine if they are infected with HSV. A positive HSV-2 blood test most likely indicates a genital herpes infection.

Treatments for Genital Herpes

There is no treatment that can cure herpes, but antiviral medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication.  In addition, daily suppressive therapy for symptomatic herpes can reduce transmission to partners. But there is a HPV.com/GenitalHerpesRelief/index.php” target=”_blank”>homeopathic remedy which helps to reduce the symptoms of Genital Herpes.

Herpes II (genital herpes)

What is herpes II?

Herpes II is a sexually transmitted viral infection, which often produces painful sores, usually in the genital area. Once infected, an individual may carry the virus and be subject to recurrent bouts of infection. Some estimate that as many as 20 percent of the adult population in the United States has been exposed to the virus.

Who gets herpes II?

Any person who has intimate sexual contact with an infected person can contract the infection. In addition, herpes II can be spread from an infected mother to her child during birth.

How is herpes II spread?

The herpes II virus is spread during sexual contact with an infected person who is secreting the virus in fluids from lesions or mucous membranes.

What are the symptoms of herpes II?

Typically, the first signs of herpes II is a cluster of blister-like lesions in the genital area (head of penis, labia, anus, cervix) which spread and merge, break and crust over within four to 15 days. The fluid from these itching, painful sores is highly infectious. Other frequent symptoms are painful urination, urethral or vaginal discharge and swollen lymph nodes. The first exposure or primary episode consists of headache, fever, chills and muscular weakness. Recurrent episodes are less severe and are limited to the affected area.

How soon do symptoms appear?

Some studies have shown that from one-half to two-thirds of people infected with the virus will have no symptoms. But, if they appear, local symptoms may be seen from two to 12 days after exposure.

When and for how long is a person able to spread herpes II?

People are most likely to transmit the virus when the lesions are evident. There is evidence, however, that the virus may be shed even when no symptoms of a recurrent episode are present.

Does past infection with herpes II make a person immune?

No. After the initial infection, the herpes II virus becomes dormant within the body. Symptoms may recur with varying frequency and are often associated with stress factors.

What is the treatment for herpes II?

Acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir have been shown to reduce the shedding of herpes II virus, diminish pain and speed the healing of primary herpes lesions. In the oral form, this treatment also appears to shorten the duration of both primary and recurrent episodes.

What can a person or community do to prevent the spread of herpes II?

Avoidance of sexual contact with symptomatic individuals is an immediate, but only partial answer because herpes virus may be shed while the infected individual remains asymptomatic. Cesarean section is often recommended when primary or recurrent herpes II lesions occur in late pregnancy.

Sexual relations should be approached responsibly.

• Limit the number of your sex partners.
• Use a male or female condom.
• If you think you are infected, avoid any sexual contact and visit the local STD clinic, a hospital or your doctor.

 

Genital Herpes Facts

The Top 10 Herpes Facts you need to know: Watch the below video to be informed:

 

Genital Herpes

Genital Herpes: A Hidden Epidemic

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Genital herpes may not be deadly, but it can be physically painful and emotionally debilitating. Those who have it may suffer from painful sores as well as feelings of shame, regret, isolation, and undesirability.

"We, as a society, don’t do well with STDs," says Terri Warren, R.N., owner of the Westover Heights Clinic in Portland, Ore., specializing in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. "When people have a lifelong STD, they feel dirty, damaged, and unapproachable. Most people have a dramatic drop in self-esteem."

Curtis Phinney of Rockville, Md., was devastated when he first discovered he had genital herpes. "I was very interested in finding a new successful long-term monogamous relationship," says Phinney, who had been divorced before he became infected. "I was having difficulty as it was. With herpes I thought it would be impossible. I thought I was unlovable, untouchable, undesirable."

Genital herpes is on the rise. Since the late 1970s, the number of Americans infected with the virus has increased 30 percent to about 45 million, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Genital herpes infects more than 1 of 5 adolescents and adults, the CDC says. It is more common in blacks than in whites, and more likely to infect women than men. Compared to 20 years ago, it’s about five times more common in 12- to 19-year-old whites and twice as common in adults ages 20 to 29.

The scary part is that most people with genital herpes don’t know they have it, and are unaware they may be spreading it to others, says Warren. Many have no symptoms or mistake their symptoms for something else, such as jock itch, insect bites, hemorrhoids, Yeast Infections, razor burn, or allergies to laundry detergent.

Of even greater concern is growing evidence that people with genital herpes are at greater risk of getting HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) if they have unprotected sex with someone infected with HIV. And HIV-infected people who are also infected with genital herpes may have more frequent and severe outbreaks and their episodes may be more difficult to treat.

In the past, genital herpes was diagnosed solely by visual inspection and laboratory culture of an active sore. Herpes may now be diagnosed with a blood test, even when no symptoms are apparent or after sores have healed. And while there is no cure for herpes, antiviral drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration that greatly reduce the frequency of outbreaks and shorten their duration and severity. HPV.com/GenitalHerpesRelief/index.php”>For natural Homeopathic Relief to attack Herpes Symptoms click here

What is Genital Herpes?

Genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease (STD), is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV is in the same family of viruses that causes chickenpox, shingles and mononucleosis. There are two types of HSV: HSV-1, which infects 80 percent of the U.S. population, usually appears on the lips in cold sores; HSV-2 is usually found in the genital area. However, if a person with HSV-1 oral herpes (cold sores) performs oral sex, it is possible for the partner to get HSV-1 genital herpes. And HSV-2 can infect the mouth through oral sex.

HSV can cause sores, or lesions, to appear in and around the vaginal area and within the cervix in women, and on the penis and scrotum in men. Both males and females may also get lesions in the urinary tract, around the anal opening, on the buttocks or thighs, and sometimes on other parts of the body.

The First Episode

Symptoms of genital herpes can vary in appearance and intensity. Some people have no symptoms or such mild symptoms that they don’t suspect they have an infection. For others, the first episode of herpes (primary infection) can cause one or more very painful lesions to erupt on the skin.

For many people, this primary infection may be more severe and have more generalized symptoms than recurrent episodes. During a first episode, the lesions may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache and muscle aches. Some people experience painful or difficult urination and swollen glands in the groin area. Women may also have a vaginal discharge.

Genital herpes lesions usually appear within two to 10 days after being exposed to the virus, and can last from two to four weeks. First to appear are small red bumps, which develop into blisters. Then the blisters become open sores, which later dry up, crust over, and heal without leaving a scar. Sometimes a second crop of lesions appears. HPV.com/GenitalHerpesRelief/index.php”>For natural Homeopathic Relief to attack Herpes Symptoms click here

Recurrent Episodes
Once HSV infects a person, the virus travels through the nerves and settles at the base of the spine. During this inactive phase, the virus is dormant. But it may wake up later, travel along the nerve paths to the surface of the skin, and cause another outbreak of lesions. This recurrence of HSV usually causes lesions to appear around the same area of the first outbreak. (See "Harboring Herpesvirus" at right.)

Some people have only one or two recurrences in a lifetime, while others have them frequently. "The recurrence rate is far lower in HSV-1 than HSV-2," says Rhoda Ashley, Ph.D., director of the University of Washington’s diagnostic virology laboratory at the Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle.

Most people diagnosed with HSV-2 affecting the genital area typically have four or five symptomatic recurrences the first year. After the first year, most people have fewer and milder recurrences, lasting a week or less. Many people get warning signals of a recurrence, known as prodrome. With prodrome, there may be a tingling or itching in the genital area, or pain in the buttocks, down the legs, or in the lower back. Sometimes these symptoms go away and no lesions appear.

Phinney’s outbreaks were so frequent that they made him irritable, he says. "I would get an outbreak, and as that outbreak was fading over a week or so, suddenly a new one would crop up. As a result, I was really only ‘clear’ for as little as one week a month."

Researchers don’t know why recurrences happen, or why their frequency and severity vary. Some people report that recurrences are triggered by stress, illness, poor nutrition, menstruation, and friction in the genital area, such as that caused by vigorous sex. However, many of these supposed triggers have no scientific basis, says Ashley. "You can’t say stress is a trigger. It’s like the chicken and the egg. Which came first–the herpes or the stress?" Nevertheless, for many people, trying to avoid their triggers seems to work for them, says Ashley.

Stress is a "huge factor" in triggering outbreaks for Pat Adams of Washington, D.C. Adams has had genital herpes for about 20 years. "Anything I can do to calm myself down during a stressful period and take better care of myself can help," says Adams. She finds that a good diet and exercise help her to keep the virus in check. For natural Homeopathic Relief to attack Herpes Symptoms click here

Asymptomatic Shedding

In many instances, people with genital herpes know the virus is active because they have symptoms, such as lesions. But this isn’t always the case.

The herpes virus can become active without causing symptoms. During these times, small amounts of the virus are present on the skin, often at the place of first infection. This reactivation without symptoms, known as "asymptomatic shedding," may also occur in rectal tissue or in fluids from the penis and vagina.

"Even if you’re asymptomatic, you can transmit the virus," says Stanka Kukich, M.D., a medical team leader in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. In fact, studies have shown that most people get HSV from sexual contact during times of asymptomatic viral shedding.

Researchers have found that people with HSV-2 genital herpes tend to have more shedding than those with HSV-1. In addition, people with new infections are more likely to shed the virus than those with an infection more than a year old. Those with frequent recurrences may also shed the virus more often, but this is still an area being studied.

Transmission and Prevention

Genital herpes is spread only through direct skin-to-skin contact or mucous membrane contact. It can be transmitted through penile-vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, oral-genital sex, and other sexual body-to-body contact.

To reduce the risk of transmitting genital herpes, people who have the virus should avoid sexual contact from the time they first feel any symptoms until their lesions are completely healed. During times when there are no symptoms, using latex male condoms for genital-to-genital contact reduces the risk of transmission, according to the American Social Health Association. But condoms are only effective if they cover or prevent contact with the area of the body that has a lesion or active virus.

In one study of more than 400 monogamous couples in which one partner had genital herpes and the other didn’t, condoms were found to offer significant protection against HSV-2 infection in women, says study leader Anna Wald, M.D., medical director of the virology research clinic at the University of Washington in Seattle. Since women shed the virus from a wide genital area, condoms may be less protective for men than for women, says Wald, whose study was published in the June 27, 2001, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. However, more studies are needed to address how well condoms work for men, she says.

Lambskin or other natural membrane condoms should not be used for disease protection because the naturally occurring pores in the material are large enough to allow some viruses to pass through. The FDA recommends latex condoms or polyurethane condoms for those sensitive to latex.

Partners can be infected with different strains of herpes, but are highly unlikely to reinfect each other, says Ashley. Even if they did, each person’s symptoms are unlikely to change. "You’re not going to be suddenly having twice the attacks because you have [your partner's] strain too."

The virus is not transmitted through the air, nor are there any documented cases of a person getting genital herpes from an inanimate object such as a toilet seat or hot tub. "Herpes doesn’t do well in chlorinated water," says Ashley. "The virus can be present in a hot tub, but it won’t be active." The virus doesn’t survive well in the environment, even on a wet towel, says Ashley. However, she advises to avoid sharing razors, especially with someone who has an active cold sore. The virus can be transmitted from the razor to the skin. Other viruses, such as hepatitis C, also can be transmitted by sharing razors.

Spreading herpes from one part of your body to another (autoinoculation) is possible, but unusual. To be safe, wash your hands with soap if you touch a herpes sore.

Treatment

Although there is no cure for genital herpes, there are medications that significantly reduce the frequency and duration of outbreaks and have few side effects in most people.

In 1985, the FDA approved Zovirax (acyclovir), the first genital herpes drug, which is now available in a generic form. More recently, the FDA approved two other drugs to treat genital herpes: Famvir (famciclovir) and Valtrex (valacyclovir).

All three of these oral antiviral drugs can be taken either episodically–when a person has an outbreak or feels one coming on, or suppressively–daily to help prevent the recurrence of outbreaks. Acyclovir and valacyclovir are also FDA-approved to treat an initial episode of genital herpes to help heal the lesions and to lessen the pain.

When taken episodically at the first sign of a tingling or itching sensation, an antiviral drug may prevent an outbreak altogether. "Once an outbreak occurs, if the treatment is started soon enough, the drugs can lessen the severity and shorten the healing time," says the FDA’s Kukich. When taken suppressively, the drugs don’t always prevent outbreaks, but help them to occur less frequently.

All three of the drugs work by interfering with DNA synthesis to prevent the virus from reproducing, says Kukich. Famciclovir and valacyclovir, which are better absorbed by the body, can be taken less often than acyclovir. For natural Homeopathic Relief to attack Herpes Symptoms click here

Diagnosing Genital Herpes

Herpes can be detected by a viral culture of a lesion, if one is present, or a blood test. Ashley recommends both methods.

With a viral culture, a doctor swabs a lesion to pick up cells, puts the swab in a special solution, and sends it to a lab for growing and analyzing.

Although a doctor may recognize a herpes lesion by examining it, a viral culture will confirm the presence and type of HSV, says Ashley. Once they know whether they have HSV-1 or HSV-2, people have a better idea of how often they will have recurrences.

But viral cultures do have their drawbacks. If the lesion has started to heal (usually 48 hours after its appearance), the swab may not pick up enough virus and the culture result will be a "false negative." (False positives in cultures are rare.)

A blood (serology) test can be used to confirm a negative culture. It can also be used to diagnose herpes in a person who has no symptoms, who has genital irritation but isn’t sure it’s herpes, or who has a sexual partner with herpes and wants to find out if he or she has already become infected.

"Diagnosing whether someone has herpes or not is quickly done by a serology test because once you’ve become infected, an immune-competent [healthy] individual will develop antibodies to the herpes that is infecting them," says Thomas Simms, a biologist in the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health.

Herpes antibodies will usually show up in the blood several weeks after a person first becomes infected. Some blood tests can determine the type of herpes infection, but cannot indicate whether the herpes is oral or genital. So people without symptoms may not know for certain if their herpes is oral or genital.

There are currently two FDA-cleared blood tests that accurately determine if a person is infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2, the HerpeSelect ELISA Kits and the HerpeSelect Immunoblot Kit made by Focus Technologies of Herndon, Va.

Another blood test is the Western Blot. Although not 100 percent accurate, the Western Blot is considered the "gold standard" of blood tests and is used to determine the accuracy of other herpes blood tests that are developed. The University of Washington is the premier institution for performing and interpreting the test. 

Many older FDA-cleared blood tests for herpes are still on the market, and many labs use these tests because they are widely available and inexpensive. Although they may be labeled type-specific (can determine whether the infection is HSV-1 or HSV-2), they are not reliable, says Simms.

But it’s difficult for people to make sure they are getting one of the newer, accurate tests, says Wald. Doctors and even lab workers may not know what test they’re using. "The patient needs to ask, but it’s a very tall order. It will take a significant amount of work on their part and phone calls to the lab themselves."

This is where a herpes support group can help, says Adams, who facilitates a group called HELP of Washington. "We keep a list of doctors who are up to speed, knowledgeable, and know what the right tests are." For natural Homeopathic Relief to attack Herpes Symptoms click here

The Emotional Impact

For many people, the social and emotional distress of having herpes is far worse than the physical symptoms of the disease, especially upon first discovering they have been infected.

Adams knows this well. After some marital difficulties and a separation, Adams and her husband reunited. But their tenuous relationship was further strained when he brought genital herpes back to the marriage. "It hurt our chances of getting back together," says Adams. The relationship ended in divorce.

The doctor who diagnosed Adams wasn’t very understanding, she says. "I really felt betrayed on all counts." Adams found understanding and information from the herpes support group that she now helps facilitate. "It always hurts to see someone feel so worthless and angry at the world," she says. "We see people who say ‘I haven’t told anyone. I haven’t dated in five years.’ This virus has taken over their whole life. We let them see that we’re OK. We all lead normal, happy lives."

Adams, who used to have painful outbreaks every month, now has them rarely. She keeps an antiviral drug in her medicine chest just in case, but hardly ever has to use it. "I’m a firm believer that attitude is all-important. If you’re upset about it and you think about it all the time, you’re going to have outbreaks. Once you realize this isn’t going to kill you, at that point you feel stronger and your whole immune system gets stronger."

"The hardest thing about having genital herpes is having to tell someone," says Adams. Like many people with herpes, Adams believes it’s important to tell a new partner about the disease before having sexual relations.

"People should have a right to make an informed decision," says STD clinic owner Warren. "The consequences of not telling are not only possibly infecting a person with a disease that they don’t want, but the question of trust comes up. What else haven’t you told them about yourself? Our experience indicates that far more people accept sexual partners with herpes than reject them."

The first time Phinney told someone, it didn’t go well. He hadn’t had the virus long and he was very distraught. "I transferred some of my anxiety about herpes to that person," he says. After learning more about herpes and accepting his condition, Phinney was more at ease with telling. "I don’t think the words or the setting are very important. I think the single most important thing was being well-educated and comfortable with my own condition."

When Phinney told Karen, now his wife, he still faced several fears–"The fear of infecting someone else and also facing the possibility that someone I was interested in and wanted to be in a long-term monogamous relationship with would reject me."

But Karen was very accepting and willing to put things in perspective, says Phinney. "She came with me to support group meetings. She told us [the group] that she had decided that I was the person she wanted to spend the rest of her life with and although she didn’t want to get herpes … it wasn’t something that was an insurmountable block to establishing a relationship."

Phinney was on suppressive antiviral therapy when he met Karen and he continues to stay on it. He has not had an outbreak in over a year. In the couple’s six years together, there is no evidence that Karen has been infected. "We’re operating on the presumption that by keeping my outbreaks in check, we’re reducing the probability of my infecting her."

Phinney’s presumption is the subject of ongoing studies. Researchers have found that daily doses of antiviral herpes drugs reduce asymptomatic shedding, but whether this suppressive therapy can help prevent transmission is not yet known.

Another area of long-time study is a herpes vaccine. No vaccine has been shown to be effective in human studies, but researchers continue to work toward that end.

In the meantime, learning about the disease and talking openly with a partner can help people with herpes take control of their lives. "Once they understand it and recognize it, control is a lot easier," says Ashley. "Over time, it becomes a nuisance rather than a mind-altering and life-changing event." For natural Homeopathic Relief to attack Herpes Symptoms click here

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Herpes and Newborns

A mother with genital herpes can easily deliver a healthy baby. And most can have a normal vaginal delivery. Less than 0.1 percent of infants born in the United States each year get infected with genital herpes during birth, according to the American Social Health Association.

A mother who was infected with herpes prior to getting pregnant passes herpes antibodies on to her fetus, protecting it from becoming infected with the virus. After birth, as the baby develops its own immune system, it loses these antibodies.

The danger period is late in pregnancy. The greatest chance of delivering a baby infected with herpes occurs in women who first become infected with genital herpes in the last trimester, says Zane Brown, M.D., professor of obstetrics at the University of Washington in Seattle. "The mother doesn’t have time to build up antibodies."

For newborns infected with herpes, the consequences are devastating. "More than 40 percent die or have severe brain damage," says Brown.

Brown recommends a cesarean section if the primary infection is in the latter half of the pregnancy, or if the mother with long-standing genital herpes has any symptoms of genital herpes at the time of labor. He also recommends that all expectant mothers get a type-specific blood test for herpes in the first trimester of pregnancy. If negative for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, her partner should be tested. If the partner has herpes, sexual contact that could put the mother at risk of acquiring genital herpes should be avoided in the last trimester of pregnancy.

For several months after birth, infants are at risk for getting herpes. People with oral herpes (cold sores) should avoid kissing the baby. Wearing a mask over the cold sore when around the baby is recommended.

If a baby is infected with herpes, early treatment is critical. The FDA has approved the drug acyclovir in injectable form to treat infants with herpes.

Genital HPV Infection

Human Papilloma Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Impact of Condom Use on Its Spread

HPV.com/images/HPVinafrica.jpg” alt=”genital HPV infection” />Human papilloma virus (HPV) is used to describe more than 100 different types of related viruses. HPV can be transmitted through contact with skin surfaces or genital fluids infected with the virus. Genital HPV infection is usually, though not always, sexually transmitted. While many other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been associated with increased risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV, this association has not been observed for HPV. However, persons with HIV/AIDS seem to be at increased risk for HPV infection and associated sequelae of HPV infections such as Genital Warts and dysplasia.

Cervical and anal/genital cancers, precancerous cervical tissue abnormalities, Genital Warts and wart-like lesions, and cervical cell dysplasia have been associated with infection with specific HPV types. Cervical cancer is the leading cancer among women in Africa.  The report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on the evidence of the effectiveness of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) concludes that co-infection with HPV and HIV may lead to increased risk of cervical neoplasia and anal cancers among persons infected with HIV, as HIV suppresses the body’s immune system.

There is little known about the prevalence of HPV in sub-Saharan Africa. Few studies on the prevalence of any STI, let alone HPV, have been conducted in the region. Of the available recent published reports, HPV research often covers specific populations in geographically specific areas of a country. For example, a 2001 study of HPV genotypes among 262 women in a rural area of Mozambique found that 40 percent of women in the study tested positive for at least one type of HPV. A 2003 study of 429 female family planning clinic attendees in urban Nairobi, Kenya, found an HPV prevalence of 44 percent. In addition, research sample sizes have been small and non-representative, making it difficult to generalize to entire populations, and advanced definitive diagnostic methods for HPV have only recently been made available. There have been no national or sentinel surveillance programs to assess HPV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately HPV prevalence in the region.

Additional HPV epidemiological research in developing countries is needed to develop more effective HPV and cervical cancer prevention strategies. The focus of this research should include the prevalence of specific HPV strains associated with cervical cancer, the prevalence of cofactors affecting the progression to cervical cancer, region-specific risk factors for HPV infection and cervical cancer, and the association between HIV infection and HPV epidemiology. Screening and treatment programs for cervical cancer are also recommended to prevent cervical cancer deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

Condoms have been shown to be effective in preventing the transmission of many STIs, including HIV/AIDS. Because HPV is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact and genital fluids, HPV is not entirely preventable through condom use. Laboratory and field-based research to evaluate the effectiveness of condoms in preventing HPV transmission has been limited, but correct and consistent use of condoms can be expected to decrease (though not eliminate) the risk of transmitting HPV. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that a number of studies show an association between condom use and a reduced risk of HPV-associated diseases, including Genital Warts, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. The previously mentioned 2001 NIAID workshop report recommended that robust research be pursued to ascertain the true benefits and limitations of an available risk reduction technology latex male condoms for preventing the transmission of STDs. At the same time, research on additional prevention technologies and behavioral interventions must also be pursued in order to advance the health of the public in the U.S. and abroad. For genital hpv relief there a well known and tested natural remedy is Genital Herpes Relief

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